Whole Foods Market Input Analysis

The Firm’s Strategy One of the significant tricks being sought after by the firm is the separation. The firm embraces the separation technique as far as item arrangement so as to upgrade its upper hand. Actually, the firm has guaranteed that all its business forms including items are novel to the industry.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Whole Foods Market Input Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The significant driver for the technique is the expanded fitness of the business partners and representatives as far as abilities and capacities (Whole Foods Market, 2013). Additionally, the serious edge relies upon the degree where the firm’s business forms are led. At the end of the day, the firm cautiously chooses various brands of things that are profoundly esteemed by the clients. In any case, profoundly esteemed items draw in significant expenses. Entire Foods comprehends the affectability of costs. All things considered, the firm offers its top notch food items at reasonable costs that customers can manage. The blend of value and reasonable costs is one of the best upper hands to the firm (Whole Foods Market, 2013). As showed, Whole Foods is not the same as the significant rivals as far as the readied food brands. The firm offers a wide assortment of arranged suppers for lunch, supper and desert (Martin, 2008). Customers have the alternatives of eating on the premises or take out. Entire Foods exploits the expanding number of customers that typically have their dinners on the premises as top of the line buyers will in general search for methods of controling spending in the midst of a troublesome monetary circumstance (Martin, 2008). Also, the retail location lean towards the extraordinary brands for the regular significant treats found in a large portion of the stores. Since the firm has a thin specialty of clients and few contending stores are found in many regions it works, Whole Foods can witho ut much of a stretch output and comprehend the market. The systems are the fundamental givers of the firm’s higher net revenues (Martin, 2008). How the Strategy is Aligned to Porter’s Generic Model According to Porter’s nonexclusive powers model, methodologies are activities that help in the arrangement of resistant spot in the business (Porter, 1998). As such, methodologies are activities that expands the organizations upper hand in the business in which it works. As per the model, the systems can be either protective or offensive.Advertising Looking for appraisal on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Defensive techniques typically appear as the business and spot the firm to adapt to its qualities and shortcomings (Porter, 1998). Then again, hostile systems changes the basic reasons for the serious powers and as such changes nature in which the firm works. Doorman proposed thre e expansive and standard methodologies that the firm can use to produce solid faultless circumstances just as increment its upper hand. The procedures incorporate cost authority, separation and the concentration or the specialty methodology (Porter, 1998). The firm’s approach fits straightforwardly with the separation system of the Porter’s model. As per the model, the separation methodology implies offering administrations, items and brands that are interesting to the business (Porter, 1998). Basically, the separation methodology necessitates that the firm makes own market specialty. Ways to deal with the separation procedure incorporate assorted item plans, brand picture, assortment of highlights and the new innovation (Porter, 1998). Every one of these methodologies have been applied by Whole Foods to make its item marks along with serious costs to make its own market specialty. The separation system has contributed incredibly to the development of the firm in a pro foundly serious industry. Truth be told, the separation approach has protected the firm from the serious contention through the making of brand devotion and decrease of value versatility of interest by making customers to be less touchy to the value changes of the item (Martin, 2008). Additionally, the uniqueness of the items have made hindrances and the decrease of substitutes, which as a result, has prompted higher edges and diminishes the requirement for minimal effort advantage (Martin, 2008). In addition, higher edges empower the firm to deal with powerful providers. Truth be told, the technique has empowered the firm to ease the buyer’s power since barely any choices are accessible to the buyers (Whole Foods Market, 2013). The Firm’s Inputs According to the consistent model, authoritative sources of info are extending from the earth to the procedures applied by the firm (Nadler Tushman, 1980). Inside the continuum are sources of info, for example, assets and the firm’s history.Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on Whole Foods Market Input Analysis explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The assets accessible to the firm incorporate human capital, mechanical applications, budgetary capital, data just as other impalpable resources. Also, while methodology is viewed as the most significant contribution to the model, it frames the connection between the referenced information sources and the framework component of the whole firm’s change process (Nadler Tushman, 1980). As indicated by the model, natural data sources are factors that are outside the organizations impact including things that originate from an establishment or industry, people, bunches just as occasions (Nadler Tushman, 1980). Basically, the ecological information sources must impact the association. For this situation, the firm’s ecological sources of info incorporate industry innovative work, providers and in particular natu ral food customers. Additionally, assets incorporate all advantages that the firm can get to. The assets incorporate both human and money related capital just as data. What's more, assets incorporate impalpable resources, for example, acknowledgment by the market specialty. For the most part, the asset inputs are expansive and ordinarily applied by the firm to create the ideal result (Nadler Tushman, 1980). Regarding the info history, past choices, exercises and conduct are considered as more noteworthy exertion to achieve the current wanted outcomes. Basically, these elements must impact the current hierarchical activities. Entire Foods is known for its customary quality natural food contributions, which the firm endeavor to build its upper hand. Regardless of whether the Inputs are Congruent to the Strategy According to the harmonious model, the firm’s system is the flood of choices concerning the way where the information sources or the hierarchical assets are changed to a ddress the issues of the customers. Also, techniques are including the way the firm’s assets are arranged to manage restrictions just as possibilities accessible to the firm inside the setting of the examples of the past conduct (Nadler Tushman, 1980). So as to accomplish the ideal outcomes, the information sources need to fit inside the procedures. Basically, adjusting the firm’s contributions to the techniques is basic for expanded execution and success.Advertising Searching for evaluation on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More As showed, the compatible model contends that the sources of info must be adjusted to the techniques so as to build execution (Nadler Tushman, 1980). At the end of the day, the degree of execution would rely upon the level of congruity of the firm’s contributions to the procedure. For this situation, the asset inputs fit incredibly to the firm’s system. Entire Foods has utilized every one of its assets so as to guarantee expanded upper hand. At the end of the day, the sources of info are adjusted to the firm’s system to achieve the ideal upper hand. Basically, the firm’s assets are exceptionally used to build the exhibition of the methodology. Truth be told, the firm has guaranteed that every one of its assets are adjusted to the vital objective of guaranteeing expanded upper hand. At the end of the day, the firm’s assets incredibly fit with the organization’s technique. Moreover, the firm has completely used its HR to accomplish the ideal it em marks. Likewise, the capital assets including money related and different resources have been completely used to guarantee that the particular and one of a kind food items are created to meet the customer needs. The objective clients’ worthiness of the items affirms the congruity of the assets to the system. The natural information sources accessible to the firm including customers have a more noteworthy level of congruity to the methodology of separation. The separation methodology targets expanding the objective client esteem. Inside the setting of Whole Foods Market, customers and providers are considered as individual information sources. The commitment of the providers and shoppers stays basic in the item improvement and conveyance. Be that as it may, as far as providers, the separation system has guaranteed a radical decrease of supplier’s power, which thusly has brought about expanding the firm’s execution. Basically, the firm’s natural assets a re profoundly harmonious to its system. Be that as it may, the history inputs genuinely fit with the present separation technique. The firm scarcely uses its authentic assets in the assurance of the present item contributions. All things considered, a portion of the viable choices that were made before structure the premise of the present methodology. References Martin, A. (2008, August 2). Entire Foods searches for a new picture in lean occasions. The New York Times. Recovered from https://www.nytimes.

Jim Crow Laws Free Essays

Isolation and disfranchisement laws were regularly bolstered, in addition, by ruthless demonstrations of formal and ritualized crowd vi olence (lynchings) against southern blacks. To be sure, from 1889 to 1930, more than 3,700 people were accounted for lynched in the United Statesâ€most of whom were southern blacks. Several different lynchings and demonstrations of horde dread planned for brutalizing blacks happened all through the time however went unreported in the press. We will compose a custom exposition test on Jim Crow Laws or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Various race riots ejected in the Jim Crow period, generally in towns and urban areas and quite often with regards to isolation and racial domination. These mobs immersed the country from Wilmington, South Carolina, to Houston, Texas; from East St. Louis and Chicago to Tulsa, Oklahoma, in the years from 1865 to 1955. The mobs as a rule ejected in urban territories to which southern, provincial blacks had as of late relocated. In the single year of 1919, in any event twenty-five occurrences were recorded, with various passings and many individuals harmed. So bleeding was this late spring of that year that it is known as the Red Summer of 1919. The supposed Jim Crow isolation laws increased critical driving force from U. S. Incomparable Court decisions over the most recent two many years of the nineteenth century. In 1883, the Supreme Court controlled illegal the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The 1875 law specified: â€Å"That all people †¦ will be qualified for full and equivalent happiness regarding the air conditioner Some antiquarians accept that a Mr. Crow claimed the slave who motivated Rice’s actâ€thus the purpose behind the Jim Crow term in the verses. Regardless, Rice consolidated the play into his minstrel demonstration, and by the 1850s the â€Å"Jim Crow† character had become a standard piece of the minstrel show scene in America. Just before the Civil War, the Jim Crow thought was one of numerous cliché pictures of dark inadequacy in the mainstream society of the dayâ€along with Sambos, Coons, and Zip Dandies. The word Jim Crow turned into a racial slur equivalent with dark, shaded, or Negro in the jargon of numerous whites; and before the century's over demonstrations of racial segregation toward blacks were frequently alluded to as Jim Crow laws and practices. The most effective method to refer to Jim Crow Laws, Papers

Two billion, nine hundred ninety-nine million, nine hundred ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred ninety-nine

Two billion, nine hundred ninety-nine million, nine hundred ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred ninety-nine… We celebrated with cake pops in the shape of a big 3, making the day all the sweeter Today’s an exciting day for us together we’ve just hit the 3 billionth problem answered on Khan Academy! We asked Sal what he thought of this, and he said, Personally, I don’t know what all the fuss is about. I’m waiting for us to hit 3 141 592 653 problems solved before I get really excited.” Can you help us get to pi billion?! The rate at which everyone is learning on Khan Academy is astounding: it took less than a year to grow from 2 billion to 3 billion problems answered! Way to go! And just how big is 3 billion, exactly? We did some digging If you had a measuring tape that was 3 billion inches long, it would wrap around the world twice. If you traveled a mile for every problem that’s been answered, you’d almost be at Pluto. If you went back in time 3 billion minutes, it’d be the 37th century B.C.E., a thousand years before the Egyptian pyramids were built. Whoa, that’s a lot of learning. So… how quickly can we get to 4 billion? Let’s go!

The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay - 1599 Words

Appropriate Minimum Legal Drinking Age What is the right age to drink alcohol? Alcohol’s reputation varies from one culture to another. For some cultures, like the United States, they perceive it as a â€Å"forbidden fruit† while many European countries view it more leniently as another essential complement to their daily diet. In reality, alcohol is essentially a drug, that manipulates people’s minds to make them anxious, dizzy and aggravated. The law understands that drinking alcohol has some side effects and therefore trusts its citizens to be mature about it. According to some people the pros outweigh the cons of alcohol; this is precisely the reason why modern countries attempt to alleviate its circulation because of its effects or even setting restrictive laws upon it. However, with the creation of these laws also arose imminent opposition and doubt over the age of which the laws would restrict. While today’s minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) i n the United States is 21, some people argue that the ideal minimum drinking age is 18, because it is safer for the health and it demotes crime while those people face a large opposition stating that the drinking age shall not be 18. On the other hand there is the other side which states that alcohol should be restricted to the age of 25 or above. They claim that it should be 25 because the human body stops developing at that age so it will not get harmed. The compromise is right in the middle of the ages, so thatShow MoreRelatedThe Minimum Legal Drinking Age939 Words   |  4 PagesThere has been ongoing public concern for adolescents and early adults’ drinking culture in worldwide. Australia has also great concerns about early initiating alcohol misuse and risky level of drinking pattern among young population. Consequently, the Minimum legal drinking age law is one of major alcohol control enforcement legislation to prevent alcohol related harms among adolescents ( Wec hsler and Nelson, 2010, p.985). Recently Western Australia which is the second heaviest alcohol consumptionRead MoreThe Minimum Legal Drinking Age1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Drinking Age is Safer than You Thought As Americans, we are always wondering what we can do to save lives. We suspect cancer, disease, suicide, violence, and distracted driving as taking the lives of our fellow Americans. What you may not know, is that we are already saving lives, and we have been since 1984 because of one simple law. The Uniform Drinking Age Act of 1984 moved the minimum legal drinking age from 18 to 21. Lowering the drinking age is a step backward for our safety and ourRead MoreThe Minimum Legal Drinking Age1227 Words   |  5 Pagesopposition and doubt over their effectiveness. While today’s minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) is 21, it has been proven that the ideal minimum drinking age is 18, because it is safer for the health and it demotes crime. The healthiest drinking age is 18 because that is the age one turns into an adult, and according to the Free Dictionary’s West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, an adult is â€Å"a person who by virtue of attaining a certain age, generally eighteen, is regarded in the eyes of the law as beingRead MoreThe Minimum Legal Drinking Age1800 Words   |  8 PagesIn the 1980s, the United States raised the Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) to 21, from 18, in an attempt to protect the nation s youth. This placed the USA among the few countries whose drinking age is above 18. These countries include most of Canada, the Republic of Korea, Nicaragua, Iceland, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Egypt, Indonesia, Micronesia, and Palau (Jernigan). Around the world, drinking ages vary; for example, in Slovenia, Italy, Portugal, Malta and Greece, you can drink before you turnRead MoreBinge Drinking And The Minimum Legal Drinking Age3264 Words   |  14 PagesKarzhova Marina Erin Beaver English Composition II 5 November 2014 Binge Drinking and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age In the year 1984, President Ronald Reagan enacted a law that increased the minimum drinking Age all U.S states to 21 years. As a result, it is believed that the mortality rates due to road accidents reduced from 5,000 in the 80’s to 2, 000 in 2005 (Dean-Mooney). However, the issue of binge drinking remains unsolved with learning institutions having to deal with it every semester. InRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age ( Tietjen )1700 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum Legal Drinking Age On July 17 of 1984 President Ronald Reagan signed to make the National Minimum Drinking Age Act a law. This law required all states to have a minimum drinking age of 21, if a state did not comply with this law they could face up to a 10% cut in funding for their federal highways (Tietjen). Since this act became a law there has been two distinct sides arguing whether they agree with the minimum drinking age, or whether they disagree. One side believes having a minimum drinkingRead MoreLowering The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesBeer For Everyone! The debate of lowering the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has been going on for decades in the United States. Those opposed, argue that the current MLDA is not efficient and counterproductive (Engs 1). One study indicated that thousands of lives under the age of twenty-one are lost each year to alcohol (McCardell 1). Underage drinking is an issue that persists, despite evidence suggesting that the minimum legal drinking age of twenty-one has lowered alcohol usage among individualRead MoreKeeping the Minimum Legal Drinking Age1283 Words   |  6 Pagesthe minimum legal drinking age in the United States or not. Many Americans forbid the idea of legalizing the drinking age so that it would be profitable to the businesses. Likewise, there have been many advantages and disadvantages of why should the government allow young adults drink under the age of 21. To prevent this issue, many Americans have provided reasoning that will support the idea of keeping the minimum legal drinking age where it is now. The government should maintain the minimum legalRead MoreMinimum Legal Drinking Age Essay Essay1938 Words   |  8 Pages22 December 2016 Minimum legal drinking age 21 Is it worth it to let teens to ruin their whole future by allowing them to start drinking at a younger age? Annually about 5,000 youth under age 21 die from motor vehicle, other unintentional injuries, and homicides and suicides that involve underage drinking.(â€Å"Underage Drinking†) It is a current debate on whether or not the minimum drinking age should be lowered to the age of 18 from 21. Though, the reasons why the drinking age should be 21, clearlyRead MoreKeeping The Minimum Legal Drinking Age2656 Words   |  11 Pagesstarting to drink at a younger age, and their drinking patterns are becoming more extreme.† Keeping the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) at twenty-one or lowering it to the age of eighteen has been a continuous issue in the United States. People, mostly adolescent teenagers, say it should be lowered because if one is able to vote at the age of eighteen, they should also be allowed to drink. Sure, when a seventeen-year-old turns eighteen they ar e considered an adult, but age does not define maturity;

New and Old World Archaeology Essay - 1520 Words

NEW AND OLD WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Artifacts of the old and new world have some likeness but also have many differences. I made a visit to the Cobb Museum at Mississippi State University to analyze this for myself. When down there, I saw pottery, writing, tools, jewelry, and many other things from each world. I then found ten artifacts of each period that was listed in the back of my workbook on the spreadsheets and wrote descriptions of them. For the new Old World, I described the Moabite stone, Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar, the Roman bronze figure of Artemis, the 60 piece strand of beads, the 107 piece beaded necklace, the bronze beaker Iranian, the bronze Persian repousse bowl, the 11 bracelets, 5 human figurines, and the Rosetta Stone. For†¦show more content†¦The hundred and seven piece necklace was a longer necklace of different sized beads with colors of a burnt orange, teal green, and black. It look like it was made from rock and other natural resources. The bronze beaker Iranian originated around the 9 th-7th century B.C. It is a small beaker in a dark green and bronze color. Its shaped kind of like cylinder. The bronze Persian repousse bowl is a deep bowl with a flower engraved interior in a dark bronze and green color that originated in 5th century B.C. The eleven bracelets that I saw were all green except one that was a thick, black, and bronze one. Most weren’t fully connected in a complete circle and some seem to be flexible for any sized wrist and others were solid. They all were very small in size. Of the five human figurines, three looked like soldiers in uniform with swords, shields, and head gear on for battle. The other two had cone shaped heads, skinny, hands directly on sides, while standing with a little bend to the knees. The Rosetta Stone originated in 196 B.C and was found in 1799 by Napoleon’s soldiers. It was important because it was a major key to translating Egyptian hieroglyphs. It was also in demotic script and ancient Greek (Cobb)†. In the â€Å"New World, the marine shell ornaments contained one large flat shell, some were very small like beads with holes pierced into them, one in a triangular shape and one shaped like twisted screw or finger.Show MoreRelatedSociology, Anthropology, By Lewis Binford932 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle, Archaeology as Anthropology, Lewis Binford argues that by looking at culture through a systemic view point our interpretations of the past can become stronger and will improve the field of archaeology and anthropology as a whole. His article is integral to the foundation of ‘New Archaeology’ because it gave a critical review of the short comings of a cultural historic approach, and provides suggestions of improvement that have been applied and even built upon in contemporary archaeology. TheseRead MoreIntroduction The great American scholar, William Foxwell Albright was an American Biblical800 Words   |  4 Pagesscholar, William Foxwell Albright was an American Biblical archaeologist, and is considered to by many to be the â€Å"father of Biblical archaeology,† because of his contributions to the archaeological historicity of the Bible. â€Å"More than any other scholar Albright’s astounding corpus of books, articles, and public lectures defined a new relationship between archaeology and Biblical studies.† Professor Albright â€Å"introduced critical assessment of the historical context of scripture, instead of merelyRead MoreControversial Issues in Archaelogy1011 Words   |  4 Pagesand preserve them in museums. While the field of archaeology is exciting, and the idea of partaking in perilous adventures may seem alluring, the archaeologist was depicted in an incorrect manner. An archaeologist is someone who studies human history through the excavation of sites and the examination of artifacts. Archaeologists study the past to learn more about the lives and cultures of people before. The science of archaeology is a relatively new and quickly growing field; yet, as expected withRead MoreYou say Tang, I say Song: A look into Two Chinese Dynasties Essay example603 Words   |  3 Pagescame to be, thrive, and eventually fall. With no written record, we had to rely on archaeology to investigate the whole of human history. While many of our species’ milestones occurred in prehi storic times, it became more and more important for the field of archaeology to advance and be taken seriously. All of this is interesting, but let’s take a look into a specific place and time to expand upon what archaeology can provide as far as a career. Discovering the past can be an arduous and extremelyRead MoreThe Word Of History By Frederick Dielman1569 Words   |  7 Pagesnarrative, recorded knowledge of past events, story, narrative . History was borrowed from Latin (possibly via Old Irish or Old Welsh) into Old English as stà ¦r ( history, narrative, story ), but this word fell out of use in the late Old English period.[14] Meanwhile, as Latin became Old French (and Anglo-Norman), historia developed into forms such as istorie, estoire, and historie, with new developments in the meaning: account of the events of a person s life (beginning of the 12th cent.), chronicleRead MoreAnthropology Essay : The Importance Of Anthropology1622 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Anthropology Anthropology is a scientific field that seems to be largely misunderstood by the general public. Many people hear the word â€Å"anthropology† and think of an old man with a magnifying glass looking at some dusty old fossils. In reality, anthropology is much more broad than archaeology, which people normally associate with it. Forms of anthropology are used in many aspects of daily life from advertising to law enforcement. Anthropology is difficult to define, as it is extremelyRead MoreMy Career Path On Museums1659 Words   |  7 PagesI was nine years old when I went on my first adventure. Accompanied by my closest friend, I darted through forests and the ocean, explored a sailing ship and a twentieth century town, and marveled at the monumental carvings of native Canadians and an Ice Age landscape. That day my fourth-grade class was fortunate enough to travel to the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria. What seemed to be a grand adventure in the mind of a nine-year ol d was actually my friend and I racing as fast as our legsRead MoreMoses and The Mount Sinai1734 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Old Testament prior to the transfiguration of the incarnate Christ in human form in the New Testament. The experience itself is a minimalized fraction of what Moses experienced when meeting with God face-to-face, standing in the presence of the holiest of holies, sealing Mt. Sinai as the birthplace of a spiritual nation where God showed His glory to Israel, forever changing history. Resistant to change, the rituals of pilgrimage to Sinai are conspicuously set apart from the secular world. (ColemanRead MoreHistorical Investigation on the Tollund Man1114 Words   |  5 Pageshis neck whereas in this case it wasn’t. Moreover, the mark type was that of a person who was hung and further evidence of people who are hung today show the same mark Tollund Man was left with. X-rays, infrared and ultraviolet light was used in a new examination made in November 2002 to thoroughly analyse Tollund Man’s body. The images clearly illustrate that he wasn’t strangled as the tongue would have been damaged but it wasn’t and that the tongue was distended a characteristic often seen in aRead MoreA Look at Various Stereotypes Essay1663 Words   |  7 PagesInconsistency Hominem. It is an argument we teach our children not to make; because one does something wrong, it is okay for you do to do it too. The double-standard begins when one political party loose s power and becomes the minority and when the new majority power is accused of performing the same underhanded tactics as they had previously committed. Arguments about wasteful spending and pork barrel politics are prime examples of slanted, hyperbolic, rhetorical devices, designed intended

The Effects of Power and Fear on a Government Free Essays

The Effects of Power and Fear on a Government Fear is one of the few emotions everybody feels at some point in their lives. From their environment to the leaders that were in charge there were many things for the boys to be fearful of. Lord of the Flies, by William Gilding is about a group of boys stranded on an Island during World War II. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Power and Fear on a Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now They have to deal with power struggles and situations they would have never thought of. In Lord of the Flies, the destructive power struggle between the primary characters mirrors the power struggle between Hitler and the Jews during World War II, and the current dictator Basher al- Sad and his citizens in Syria. Lord of the Flies represents a political allegory because some of the characters represent an abstract idea of government. Many people who have great leadership attributes but have a hard time with their appearance struggle, † Piggy is Ralph advisor, someone who is unable to rule because of his own social and physical shortcomings† (Winnfield). Nowadays appearance has become a huge part of the society at hand. Appearance helps a society decide what it wants to be like as well as ho to follow. Struggling with appearance Is not the only Issue, It Is also struggling with standing up for yourself. Which In the book It Is shown that Piggy struggles with this. † â€Å"Then went on piggy, that boy- I forgot â€Å"your talking too much† said Jack Merrier. â€Å"Shut up, Fatty. † Laughter arose and Piggy was silent† (Gilding 21). In a society there are many people just like Piggy. There are so many great leadership characteristics in people. The problem is if that Pearson can not stand up for themselves or any of their beliefs none of the great characteristics matter. This shows owe Lord of the Flies represents a political allegory because It shows how some of the characters Like Piggy represent an abstract Idea of government In the book. In addition to the characters representing government they also act similarly to past and current political figures in the world. Most people at some point In time have a chance at power, if they choose to take it they will most likely lose It eventually as well â€Å"Even Jacks power Is Illusory or at least temporary, vanishing the moment an adult authority arrives on the island† (Olsen). In this it is seen that the power Jack had elates to many figures in the world. The power Jack had though is instantly taken away when someone else with higher authority arrives. This happens all the time in the real world as well. In the book it adds on to the same situation even more so † Whoso boss here asked the officer? I am said Ralph loudly. A little boy with the pair of spectacles started forward then changed his mind and stood still† (Gilding 148). It is clearly shown that Jack loses the power he had quite quickly. This has happened to those in the real world, who thought they would never be run out of rower, such as Doll Hitler. As seen the characters in Lord of the Flies act similarly to past and current political figures in our world. In Lord of the Flies there is a very similar situation when Jack is put in control of the island and the rest of the boys, Just like when Doll Hitler was put in charge of Germany and it’s people. At some point in everybody’s lives they will most likely want to be in charge of something or be a leader of some sort, † Seen in this light, Hitler thought the only way to prevent Germany from losing again was to eliminate the impure groups from society. He also knew the only way he could accomplish this is if he rose to power† (â€Å"Doll† 1). In Lord of the Flies Jack thinks a lot like Hitler. When most people hear the name â€Å"Hitler† the first thing that comes to most minds is a dictator in Germany who killed Jews. This is true, but the reason behind that was Just because he wanted power. Hitless strong desire for power is a lot like Jacks. They both Just wanted to rule something which in their case it was people. Arrogance is a big reason for people wanting power † I ought to be chief said Jack with simple arrogance, because IM chapter chorister and head boy. I can also sing C Sharp said lace (Gilding 228). Jack obviously thought he was better than everybody else and was very arrogant. It was one thing that some of the boys didn’t like about him. Hitler was the same way, he normally thought no one was better than him and if he did he got rid of them quite quickly. Arrogance only got Jack and Hitler so far. Clearly shown the similar situation of Jack and Hitler being put in control shows the similarities of their leadership. Doll Hitler was a dictator during World War II, the character Jack acts much like Hitler in the book by emphasizing the strong desire of power and intolerance towards others. In life some people think the only way to fix certain problems is to completely get rid of them â€Å"Hitler implemented government policies based on anti-Semitism and racism. These policies became more severe over time and led to the extermination of the Jews, racial minorities and other groups† (â€Å"Doll†l). In Lord of the Flies it is seen that Jack does this quite often. He doesn’t really give any thought to what he is doing unless he really wants it done. For instance when Jack took Piggy as a really different errors and not in a good way. Eventually Jack got his way and Piggy died. Hitler does this with the Jews. He wanted the people who he thought were perfect and those people were not the Jews. So because he thought the Jews were the problem he started to kill them off. In the book we not only see Jack treating Apply harshly but he also treats some of the other boys the same way â€Å"I’m chief yelled Jack. Viciously, with full intention, he hurled his spear at Ralph. The point tore the skin and flesh over that Jack is willing to hurt people in order to get what he wants. This is such a moment where Jack showed the power he thought he had to the boys. It also gave the boys a reason to fear him. Jack was using this fear to control the boys much like Hitler. Fear can cause people to do unbelievable things including follow and listen to unwise rulers or leaders. This adds to the desperate wanting of power and intolerance towards others. Another Situation very similar to the one the boys are put into due to Jack is more current, the power struggle between Basher al-Sad and the harsh way he treats his citizens in Syria. Most dictators are harsh, cruel and will try and do anything to keep heir place secure muff need to show that you are strong, that you are a leader. You need to crush in the first moment any signs of opposition, resentment, or independence. As well as causing the people to fear you said Sad† (â€Å"Basher† 2). Basher al-Sad uses the harsh way he treats his citizens to produce fear so that no one will overtake his place as being leader in Syria. In the book when some of the boys start to show opposition Jack did exactly what Sad mentioned, he crushed it the moment it started. Which caused fear amongst the boys. Dictators find terrible hinges to do for no reason but to cause fear amongst their people † † Hess going to beat Wilfred! † â€Å"What for? â€Å"said Ralph but Robert shook his head doubtfully. â€Å"l don know he never said why’ The chief was sitting in the cave, naked to the waist, his face blocked out in white and red. The newly beaten and untied Wilfred was sniffing noisily in the background† (Gilding 160). In this it is clear that Jack Just beat Wilfred because he had been angry. This act caused fear amongst the group of boys. The fear caused kept the boys loyal to their chief. Jack would have had no way to control al the boys if he never used fear. This doesn’t mean its right by any means. Basher al-Sad and Jack both use fear in a harsh way to control their people and ideas of government. Basher al-Sad current dictator in Syria is very similar to the character Jack in Lord of the Flies such as some of their motives. In Syria there are many rules â€Å"Freedom of speech was only marginally restored but for the most part Sad kept it the same† (â€Å"Basher† 2). In Lord of the Flies Jack and Basher kind of relate to each other because the both did not allow freedom. The fact that Basher and Jack wouldn’t allow freedom of speech was most likely because they wanted to prevent any uproars or anything that could harm their spot in leadership. † â€Å"Then went on piggy, that boy- I forgot -† â€Å"your talking too much† said Jack Merrier. â€Å"Shut up, Fatty. † Laughter arose and Piggy was silent† (Gilding 21). Here we not only see Jack being cruel towards Piggy but we also see him limiting Piggy speech. This action is harsh and even though Piggy had freedom of speech it was almost as if Jack stole that from him. Most likely Piggy is not the only person Jack treated like that. This is how we can see some f Basher al-Sad and Jacks motives line up. In Lord of the Flies we see that fear plays a enormous role in the book. It plays off between the see between Jack and Ralph. Fear is a strong emotion and can cause many situations. We see this not only in the book Lord of the Flies but also in our everyday lives and other political power struggles in our World. Such as the fight for power in World War II with Doll Hitler and the Jews. It is even seen currently in Syria with Basher al- Sad and his citizens. Jack, Hitler, and Sad all have one main thing in common they all ruled with fear. How to cite The Effects of Power and Fear on a Government, Papers

Paper of Aflatoxin with Nanis free essay sample

The active antifungal substance(s) were separated, semi purified and characterized as a protein substance. The semi purified substance inhibited spores formation, thinned the conidiophores and deformed both strigmata and conidial heads. Key words: Aspergillus niger, Streptomyces noursei, ochratoxin A. INTRODUCTION Growing mould may produce toxic secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins. Among hundreds of fungal secondary metabolites are mycotoxins which include aflatoxins (AFL), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (FB), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone. They are of major health concern for humans and domestic animals (Miller, 1994). Mycotoxins can enter into the human food chain directly through foods of plant origin and indirectly through foods of animal origin (Kovacs, 2004). Many types of food products in the markets have been reported to be contaminated with AFL or metabolites of AFL. These include tree nuts, peanuts, figs, melon seed, pumpkin seed, sesame seed, sunflower seed, lotus seed, coix seed, red pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, paprika, mixed spices, rice, corn, mixed cereals, chilies, and copra (Wilson, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Paper of Aflatoxin with Nanis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page OTA has been found in many cereals, raisins, cocoa products, green coffee beans, wine, soybeans, grape juice, pork sausages (Pittet, 2001), spices, and herbs (Patel et al. , 1996). Ueno et al. (1991) were the first to report on ochratoxin A production by a black Aspergillus species, Aspergillus foetidus. This was later confirmed by Teren et al. (1996) and Magnoli et al. (2003). Abarca et al. (1997) reported that two strains of Aspergillus niger produced OTA, and confirmed in numerous studies (Abarca et al. , 2003; Suarez-Quiroz et al. 2004). Horie (1995) reported OTA in Aspergillus carbonarius, and confirmed by Heenan et al. (1998), Varga et al. (2000), Abarca et al. (2003) and Sage et al. (2004). Biological control means the use of living agents to control pests or plant pathogens and offers an important alternative to synthetic chemicals. The use of bacteria like Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. , have been investigated due to their properties to produce antifungal metabolites and protect plants from fungal infection (Siddiqui et al. , 2005; Nourozian et al. , 2006). Biological control is being increasingly considered by the scientific community as a reliable alternative to pesticide utilization in field and in post-harvest. This biological approach is highly desirable for controlling fungal growth on grapes, helping to reduce the amount of *Corresponding author. E-mail: [emailprotected] com Allam et al. 667 agrichemical residues in grapes, wine and related products (Cabras and Angioni, 2000). Actinomycetes are antibiotic producers that are capable of generating 75% of all known antibiotic products. Actinomycetes are a group of filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria (Williams et al. 1993). These organisms are aerobic, saprophytic, and mesophilic forms whose natural habitat is the soil. Several members of the Actinomycetes are known to be producers of important secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, herbicides, and growthpromoting substances (Connell, 2001). Over 55% of antibiotics have been isolated from the genus Streptomyces (Embley, 1994), and more than 400 species of the genus Streptomyces are mostly soil saprophytes. The gram-positive bacterium S. noursei ATCC 11455 produces a complex mixture of polyene macrolides generally termed nystatins (antifungal agent). The main objective of this study is to prevent or inhibit the growth of ochratoxin producing A. niger using biological method. In this connection, the potential effect of Actinomycete antagonistic to the test organism was focused. MATERIALS AND METHODS Source of used bacteria True and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in this study were obtained from Microbiology unit, Bacteriology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Tanta University. The used Actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from different localities in Egypt, namely Tanta, El-Mansoura, Kafr El-Zayat and El-Mehala El-Kobra. Soil samples were taken after the removal of about 5 cm of the surface, and then kept in clean plastic bags. Over the surface of solidified starch nitrate agar plates, 0. 2 ml samples of the soil dilution were spread out with a sterilized glass rod. The plates were then incubated at 28  ± 2 °C for 7 days. Biological control Different bacterial and Actinomycete isolates were grown in their corresponding suitable liquid media (Nutrient Broth for true bacteria, de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) for LAB and starch nitrate for Actinomycetes) for 24 h and 7 days, respectively. Aliquots (100 ? l) of each cell free extract which was previously extracted by milling the cells in sterile saline were applied on the holes, and agar diffusion method was applied. After incubation for 5 days, the diameters of inhibition zones were measured. Characterizations of Actinomycete isolate number 3 For complete identification of the most fungal and ochratoxin antagonistic isolate, several physical, morphological and biochemical properties were examined. The criteria described in keys of identification (Kuster, 1972; Nonomura, 1974; Szabo et al. , 1975; Szabo and Csortos, 1975) were followed. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Williams et al. , 1989) and Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Holt et al. , 1994) were followed for identification. These fall into the following classes: Microscopic characterization Light and scanning electron microscopes in Electron Microscope Unit, Tanta University (model JEOL, JSM-5200 LV) were used for the characterization of Actinomycetes. Determination of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-isomer Diaminopimelic acid isomer was determined according to the method of Becker (1964) after modifications as follows: The Actinomycete isolate 3 was grown under shake culture conditions at 28 °C in nutrient yeast extract broth and the cells were collected after the achievement of a maximal growth 1 mg of the dried bacterial cells were hydrolyzed with 1 ml 6 N HCl in a sealed Pyrex tube held at 100 °C for 18 h. After cooling, the sample was filtered through Whatman no. 1 filter paper, which was then washed with 1 ml water. The filtrate was dried two or three consecutive times on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 40 °C to remove most of the HCl. The residue was taken up in 0. 3 ml water and a volume of 5 ? l was then spotted on a thin layer macrocrystalline cellulose plate (Art 5577 Dc- Plastikfolien cellulose 20 ? 20 cm, layer thickness 0. 1 mm. Merck). For separation of amino acids, the following solvent mixture was used: Methanol-water- 10 N HCl – Pyridine (80: 17. 5: 2. 5: 10, by volume). Amino acids were detected by spraying with acetonic ninhydrin (0. 1, w/v), followed by heating for 2 min at 100 °C. Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) spots were olive- green fading to yellow, whereas the other amine acids exhibited purple spots. Physical and nutritional factors influencing the growth and antifungal activity of Streptomyces sp. To find out the best growth and antifungal activity of the best antagonistic organism, we study the effect of different media, pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources. Partial purification of antifungal substance(s) produced by experimental Actinomycete isolate Fractionation by salting out with ammonium sulfate A modified technique of Jakoby (1971) was used. Different concentrations of ammonium sulfate (25, 50, 75 and 90%, (w/v)) were investigated. The supernatant – ammonium sulfate mixture was kept for 30 min at 4 °C before being separated by centrifugation. The precipitate was dialyzed in a dialysis bag in buffer in a refrigerator at 4 °C over night until the protein precipitate inside the bag became free from excess sulfate. Protein analysis Native electrophoresis The methods described by Stegemann et al. (1985) were applied as follow: Gel electrophoresis: Dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was carried out according to a protocol proposed by Laemmli (1970). Subunit molecular weight estimation by SDS-PAGE: The method of Weber and Osborne (1969) was used to determine the apparent (subunit) molecular weight of proteins dissolved or extracted in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Mode of action of antifungal substance: Different concentrations (0. 10, 0. 25 and 0. 50%) of the active protein extracted from 668 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Table 1. Antifungal activity of cell free extract of different microorganisms against A. niger. Isolate number Actinomycetes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 True bacteria 8 9 10 Bacillus pumilus Lactic acid bacteria 11 12 13 Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) 25. 00 20. 00 33. 00 0. 00 0. 00 16. 00 0. 00 bacterial isolates were represented by 4 isolates of true bacteria, 6 isolates of lactic acid bacteria and 7 isolates of Actinomycete are shown in Table 1. Among different bacteria, isolate 3 of Actinomycete (Photo 1) was the best bacterial isolate that revealed the highest antifungal activity against A. niger. Factors influencing growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3 Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the effect of different conditions on growth of isolate no 3. The optimum growth was on starch nitrate medium containing starch as carbon source and potassium nitrate as nitrogen source, at 30 °C, pH 7. Characterization and identification of Actinomycete isolate no 3 Out of the 7 isolates of Actinomycetes, organism no 3 was the most active organism that inhibited the growth of ochratoxin A producing A. niger. It was subjected to further studies in order to be characterized and identified. Light microscopic examination showed the shape of the branches arranged in whorls and spiral spore chain (Photo 2). Scanning electron microscope (Photo 3) showed the spiny spore surface. The data obtained from the previous characterization program (Table 2) suggesting that isolate no 3 belong to genus Streptomyces as indicated by the colour of its aerial mycelia and the presence of LL-DAP in the cell wall, spore form, physiological and biochemical characteristics. On the basis of the pervious characters, this isolate showed to be similar to S. noursei. Thus, it could be concluded that the Actinomycete isolate no 3 is suggestive of being related to S. noursei and thus could be given the name S. noursei. Extraction and semi-purification of the antifungal substance Here, a study on the purification of antifungal substance extracted from the culture broth of the tested S. noursei was carried out. Fractionation by salting out with ammonium sulphate Ammonium sulphate was the best precipitant agent used to separate the antifungal substance from S. noursei and showed the highest antifungal activity. Characterization and antifungal substance semi-purification of the . 00 0. 00 0. 00 15. 00 0. 00 23 0. 00 28 15 25 Actinomycete isolate 3 were incubated with A. niger on Czapexs Dox media. Changes in morphology of fungi were photographed under Scanning electron microscope (model JEOL, JSM-5200 LV) in Electron Microscope Unit, Tanta University. Statistical analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. Separation between different means was carried out according to Duncan multiple range test (LSR) and the simple linear correlation analysis (r) were carried out according to SAS (1985) software for windows version (6. 2). All experiments and analytical determinations were replicated at least three times. RESULTS Control by antagonistic microorganisms Effect of different bacteria on ochratoxin producing A. niger the growth of In this experiment, different types of bacteria were tested to control the growth of the common fungal producer of ochratoxin (A. niger) which was p reviously isolated and identified from herbs and medicinal plants in Egypt. The well diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of different bacterial isolate. The different The antifungal substance was dialysized by dialysis bag Allam et al. 669 Photo 1. Antifungal activity of the selected Actinomycete isolate 3 on the growth of the common producer of ochratoxin (A. niger), (a) control, (b) supernatant of isolate 3. to remove the excess of ammonium sulphate. Gel electrophoresis of protein polyacrylamide gel and SDS-PAGE The obtained antifungal substance was by native performed to native polyacrylamide gel and SDS-PAGE to illustrate the subunits structure to confirm the degree of purity. In the case of native polyacrylamide gel, it was presented as one thick band (Photo 4). The final eluted proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE according to the method of Laemmli (1970). Four bands were observed in the sample on SDS-PAGE (Photo 5). The molecular weights 670 Afr. J. Biotechnol. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Dry weight (g/L) 0 Figure 1. Effect of different media on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate no 3. 60 50 40 30 Dry weight (g/L) 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Temperature  °C Figure 2. Effect of different temperatures on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate no 3. of the protein subunits were approximately 12, 35, 41 and 150 kDa. It means that the active substance is a group of four compounds, collected with each other to give their antifungal activity. Mode of action of the antifungal substance Different concentrations of the antifungal substance were mixed with the growth media of fungus A. niger to give the concentrations; 0. 10, 0. 5 and 0. 50%, and incubated for 5 days to show the mode of action of this substance on the growth of A. niger. The result (Photo 6, 7 and 8) illustrated the inhibition of spores formation, thinning of conidiophores and deformation of both strigmata and conidia by increasing the concentration of the semi purified antifungal substance produced by S. noursei. DISCUSSION This study aimed to control contamination of ochratoxin A Allam et al. 671 60. 00 50. 00 40. 00 Dry weight (g/L) Dry weight (g/l) 30. 00 20. 00 10. 00 . 00 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pH Figure 3. Effect of different pH values on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Dry weight (g/L) 0 Figure 4. Effect of different carbon sources on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Dry weight (g/L) Figure 5. Effect of different nitrogen sources on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3. 672 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Photo 2. Light micrograph of isolate (3) grown on different starch nitrate media for 7 days at 30 °C at magnifications; (a) x40, (b) x25 and (c) x100. producing A. niger in common medicinal and herbal plants that used in Egypt by using biocontrol organism. Allam et al. (2008) detected the fungal contamination of 22 investigated samples of herbal and medicinal plants in Egypt. A total of 7 species of fungi belonged to 5 genera were isolated and identified as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Botrytis and Cladosporium. The greater number of species was related to the genus Aspergillus, including A. iger, A. flavus and A. terreus and the formers were the most dominant and the responsible one for ochratoxin A production was A. niger. In the present study, biological control of ochratoxin A producing A. niger using antagonist bacteria and Actinomycetes was applied through screening program using liquid cultures. The program showed that Actinomycete isolate no 3 was the most potent organism whi ch gave the best antifungal activity. Subsequently, it was subjected to further studies in order to be characterized and identified. It was found that the selected isolate can grow well on starch nitrate medium, it is aerobic, spore forming, Gram positive, isolated from soil, spore mass was gray. The aerial mycelium with long straight filaments bearing at more or less regular spindles, the vegetative mycelium produced branched mycelium with the presence of LL-DAP in cell wall. All of the previous characters confirmed that the selected isolate belong to the genus Streptomyces. Microscopic examination showed spiny spore surface and spiral spore chain. The growth on carbon and nitrogen source in synthetic media and other characters are useful in species determination. Following the international keys of Kuster (1972), Nonomura (1974), Szabo et al. (1975) and Szabo and Csotros (1975), the survey of literatures on the description of Streptomyces species was done with these keys. In addition, Williams et al. (1989) and Holt et al. (1994) indicated that this isolate belongs to S. noursei and thus the name S. noursei is given. The polyene macrolide antibiotic nystatin produced by S. oursei is an important antifungal agent. The nystatin molecule contains a polyketide moiety represented by a 38-membered macrolactone ring to which the deoxysugar Allam et al. 673 Photo 3. Photography of scanning electron microscope showing the spore surface of isolate (3) at magnifications; (a) x7500 (b) x20000. mycosamine is attached. Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes governing the nystatin biosynthesis is of considerable interest because this information can be used for the generation of new antifungal antibiotics (Brautaset et al. 2000). The present results showed the promotion or inhibition of biological control organism to inhibit the fungal growth as well as the presence of ochratoxin on the contaminated herbs may be related to the different chemical contents which are present in each type of herbs. This hypothesis led to an examination of the effect of different factors which may be present in the surround environ- ment of medicinal and food herbs on the growth of S. noursei and its antifungal acti vity. Fractional precipitation of crude antifungal substance produced by S. oursei was performed by using different concentrations of ammonium sulphate. Results obtained showed that the ammonium sulphate at concentration 50% was the most suitable to give the highest antifungal activity. The use of ammonium sulphate for protein extraction was reported by Chitte and Dey (2000) on Streptomyces megasporus, Patcharaporn et al. (2008) on Shizophyllum commune BL23, Cheng et al. (2006) on B. subtilis DC33 and Wang et al. (2007) on B. subtilis LD-8547. 674 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Table 2. Characterization and identification of isolate.